IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14S80 

(716)  872-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  institute  for  Historical  IVIicroreprocluctions  /  institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notea/Notaa  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographlcally  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checlced  below. 


0 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 

D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


D 


Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagAe 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurAe  et/ou  peliicuiie 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  gAographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  bluo  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bieue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/ or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
RellA  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr«e  peut  causer  de  i'ombre  ou  de  ia 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intArieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
it  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutAes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  Atait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  At*  filmAes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplAmentaires; 


L'Institut  a  microf  ilm*  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'ii  lui  a  M  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mAthode  normaie  de  filmage 
sont  indiquAs  ci-dessous. 


D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 

n 

D 
D 
D 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagtes 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaur^es  et/ou  peliiculAes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  dicoiortes,  tachettes  ou  piqutos 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
QuaiitA  in^gaie  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplAmentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Mition  disponibie 

Pages  wholly  or  pertially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  ref limed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  peiure, 
etc.,  ont  6t4  filmAes  A  nouveau  de  fa9on  A 
obtbnir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


1 
f 

0 

fi 


C 

b 

tl 
s 
o 
fi 

si 
o 


T 
si 

T 

IV 

di 
ei 
bi 

"I 
re 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 
Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ci-deosous. 
10K  MX  18X  22X 


12X 


16X 


20X 


26X 

7 


30X 


MX 


28X 


32X 


Th«  copy  filmad  her*  hat  been  rsproducsd  thank* 
to  tha  ganarosity  of: 

Library  Division 

Provincial  Archives  of  British  Columbia 


L'axamplaira  filmA  fut  raproduit  grAca  A  la 
ginArosIti  da: 

Library  Division 

Provincial  Archives  of  British  Columbia 


Tha  imagaa  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  bast  quality 
postibia  consldaring  tha  condition  and  lagibiiity 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  spacifications. 


Las  imagas  suivantas  ont  *t6  raproduitas  avac  la 
plus  grand  soin.  compta  tanu  da  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattatA  da  Taxamplaira  film6,  at  an 
conformity  avac  las  conditions  du  contrat  da 
filmaga. 


Original  copias  in  printad  papar  covars  ara  filmad 
baginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  ending  on 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustratad  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  covar  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimAe  sont  filmAs  en  commen^ant 
par  la  premier  plat  at  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
darniAre  paga  qui  comporta  una  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration.  soit  par  la  second 
plat,  salon  la  cas.  Tous  les  autras  a.:emplaires 
originaux  sont  filmAs  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  at  Bt%  terminant  par 
la  derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  •-^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END  "), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
darniAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  —^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
diffarant  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc..  peuvent  Atre 
filmAs  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diffArents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichA.  il  est  film6  A  partir 
de  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite. 
et  de  haut  en  bas.  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'imagas  nAcessaire.  Las  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

■p- . 


^% 


Z'T,  f    cAj-eL^ 


AMERICAN  ANTIQUARIAN  SOCIETY. 


Hi 


w^m^i^^wmmm'''9f^mf/fsmm?^ 


.'!J'P"^'l"l'n .111^4  11 


III.P  »liMWll|i  I  vW>(IU,,»»|JIWI-. 


"r 


RECORD 


or 


JAPANESE    VESSELS 


DRIVEN  UPON  THB 


NORTH-WEST    COAST  OF   AMERICA 


AND  ITS  OUTLYING  ISLANDS. 


BY    HORACE    DAVIS. 


VMt  iefoR  ttit  flmniun  <ntlqusT<in  Xaciitg,  li  U.iiit  Sptfl  gating,  1872. 


WORCESTER,     MASS.: 

PBIKTED   BT  CHABIiES   HAHILTON, 

PALLADIUM    OFFIOK. 

1872. 


1 


HIBBTT 


^        «       H   (^ 


0)' 


-J.-- 


on  the  likeltiiood  of  an  admixture  of 

japanp:se  1     od  on  our  north- 

wEkVi  coast. 


liY   HOEACK    OAVI8. 


■b 


c>. 


Without  any  spcralatiou  upoa  the  origin  of  the  Indian 
Tribes,  I  desire  to  bring  if  ..'other  a  few  facts  regarding  the 
possibility  of  an  admixture  of  Japnnec  ;  blood  on  the  north- 
west coast  of  America ;  and  shall  confine  myself  to  this 
narrow  point,  leaving  it  for  others  to  draw  wider  conclu- 
sions from  these  premises,  or  kindred  facts. 

The  great  North  Pacific  Ocean  current  is  so  well  known 
as  to  need  only  the  briefest  description.  Leaving  the  coast 
of  Lower  California  between  Int.  15*  and  25°,  the  great 
Northern  Equatorial  Current  crosses,  the  Pacific  in  about 
that  latitude.  Towards  the  Asiatic  Coast  it  is  gradually 
deflected  to  the  northward  and  sweeps  by  Japan  in  a  well 
defined  stream,  called  by  the  Japanese  the  "Kuro-Siwo," 
commonly  termed  the  "Japan  Warm  Stream."  Further 
north,  about  lat.  38°  North,  it  divides,  one  part  flowing 
northeasterly  along  the  Coast  of  Asia,  called  the  Kamt- 
chatka  Current,  while  the  other  portion,  which  more  nearly 
concerns  us,  sweeps  away  to  the  eastward  and  crossing  the 
Pacific  Ocean  south  of  the  Aleutian  Islands  is  deflected  by 
the  continent  of  America  to  the  southward,  and  following 
its  western  shoreij,  finally  reaches  the  point  of  beginning. 


Prrtft^N,W.HtetofyO60t 


8168.3 


6 


A  vessel  dismasted  off  Japan  would  inevitably  be  .drifted 
past  the  shores  of  Kamtchatka,  or  following  the  other 
branch  would  reach  the  neighborhood  of  the  Continent  of 
America. 

This  has  actually  happened  in  repeated  instances.  With- 
in the  ninety  years  which  comprise  the  history  of  the 
N.  W.  Coast,  several  disabled  Japanese  vessels  have 
reached  our  shores.  Two  have  been  wrecked  upon  the 
main  land,  four  upon  the  islands  now  belonging  to  the 
United  States,  one  upon  islands  immediately  adjacent  to 
Lower  California,  and  one  at  least,  if  not  two,  have  been 
boarded  at  sea  but  a  short  distance  from  our  shores,  and  in 
every  case  of  which  we  have  record,  living  men  were 
rescued  from  the  wreck.  It  is  my  object  simply  to  collect 
these  incidents  and  present  them  in  a  connected  form,  giv- 
ing in  each  case  the  original  authorities,  and  such  explana- 
tion as  the  case  may  require. 

1  shall  quote  first  from  Kotzebue's  "Voyage  of  Discovery 
into  the  South  Sea  and  Behring's  Straits,"  London,  1821, 
Vol.  1.  On  page  324  he  speaks  of  meeting  at  Honorara 
(Ho'iohilu),  Woahoo  (Oahu),  a  brig  in  the  royal  Hawaiian 
service,  named  after  Queen  Kahumanna.  She  was  built  by 
the  French  as  a  privateer  and  named  "La  Grande  Guim- 
barde."  Having  been  taken  by  the  English,  she  was  sold 
to  English  merchants,  who  gave  her  the  name  "Forester  of 
London."  Capt.  Piggott  brought  her  out  to  the  "  South 
Sea"  and  sold  her  to  Tamaahmaah  (Kamehameha),  King  of 
the  Hawaiian  Islands.  Capt.  Alexander  Adams,  Capt. 
Piggott's  second  officer,  then  entered  the  King's  eorvice 
and  became  her  commander.  On  page  352  Kotzebue  says, 
"Capt.  Alexander  Adams  dined  with  us  to-day,  whose  con- 


vorsation  delighted  us  very  much."  And  in  a  note,  p.  353, 
he  gives  this  interesting  incident,  "Looking  over  Adams' 
journal  I  found  the  following  notice,  'Brig  Forester,  the 
24th  of  March,  1815,  in  the  sea,  near  the  coast  of  Califor- 
nia, lat.  32»  45'  N.,  long.  233'  3'  East,  [57'  W.]  During 
a  strong  wind  from  W.  N.  W.  and  rainy  weather,  we 
descried  this  morning  at  6  o'clock,  a  ship  at  a  small  dis^ 
tance,  the  disorder  of  whose  sails  convinced  us  that  it 
stood  in  need  of  assistance.  We  immediately  directed  our 
course  to  it,  and  recognized  the  vessel  in  distress  to  be  a 
Japanese,  which  hud  lost  her  mast  and  rudder.  1  was  sent 
by  the  Captain  on  board,  and  found  in  the  ship  only  three 
(3)  dying  Japanese,  the  Captain  and  two  sailors.  I 
instantly  had  the  unfortunate  men  carried  to  our  brig, 
where  they  were  perfectly  recovered,  after  four  mouths 
careful  attendance.  We  learnt  from  these  people  that  they 
came  from  the  port  of  Osaco  [Osaca],  in  Japan,  bound  to 
another  commercial  town,  but  had  been  surprised  immedi- 
ately on  their  departure,  by  a  storm,  and  had  lost  their 
mast  and  rudder.  They  had  been,  up  to  this  day,  a  sport 
of  the  waves  for  seventeen  months ;  and  of  their  crew  of 
thirty-five  men  only  three  had  survived,  who  would  have 
died  of  hunger."' 

Prof.  Geo.  Davidson,  in  "Coast  Pilot  of  Alaska,"  Wash- 
ington, 1869,  page  63,  quotes  this  passage  and  says  the 
poeition  indicated  is  about  350  miles  W.  S.  W.  (compass), 
from  Point  Conception.  Prof.  Davidson  adds,  "supposing 
this  junk  to  have  kept  on  the  S.  side  of  the  axis  of  the 
great  cuiTent,  and  to  have  been  carried  directly  down  the 
American  coast  on  the  western  part  of  this  current,  it  m^ist 


8 

have  traversed  5,300  miles  in  516  days,  or  a  trifle  over  ten 
miles  per  day  for  that  whole  period." 

The  next  instance  I  shall  cite  is  to  be  found  in  Alexander 
Forlws'  History  of  California,  written  at  Tepic,  1838,  pub- 
lished in  London,  1839,  part  2d,  Upper  California,  chap. 
VII.,  pages  299-301.  Forbes  says,  "The  British  brig 
Forester,  bound  from  Loudon  to  the  river  Columbia,  and 
commanded  by  Mr.  John  Jennings,  fell  in  with,  in  the  year 
1813,  a  Japanese  junk  of  about  700  tons  burden,  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  miles  off  the  northwest  const  of  America  and 
abreast  of  Queen  Charlotte's  Island,  about  49*  of  N.  lati- 
tude. There  were  only  three  persons  alive  on  board,  one 
of  whom  was  the  captain.  By  the  best  accounts  Capt. 
Jennings  could  get  from  them,  they  had  been  tossing  about 
at  sea  for  nearly  eighteen  months  ;  they  had  been  twice  in 
sight  of  the  land  of  America,  and  were  driven  off.  Some 
beans  still  remained  on  which  they  had  been  sustaining 
themselves,  and  they  had  caught  rain  water  for  their  drink. 
This  vessel  had  left  the  northern  coast  of  Japan  loaded 
with  timber  for  some  of  the  islands  to  the  southward,  and 
had  been  blown  off  the  coast  by  gales  of  wind.  She  had 
no  masts  standing,  but  in  other  respects  was  not  much 
injured.  Captain  Jennings  took  the  survivors  on  board  of 
his  vessel  and  delivered  them  nt  the  Russian  settlement  of 
Norfolk  Sound,  the  governor  of  which,  owing  to  the  friend- 
ship existing  between  Russia  and  the  Japanese,  sent  a 
vessel  on  purpose  with  them  to  their  own  country." 

The  position  here  indicated  is  somewhat  uncertain,  as 
Queen  Charlotte's  Island  lies  between  about  51°  and  54°  N. 
latitude,  but  in  Forbes's  time  the  geography  of  this  coast 


9 


fle  over  ten 


was  uncertain.  The  identity  of  the  name  of  the  vessel,  of 
the  number  of  rescued  men  and  of  the  length  of  the  junk's 
voyage,  leads  to  a  suspicion  that  this  may  be  the  same  as 
the  last  instance ;  but  the  differences  are  greater  than  the 
coincidence,  viz :  the  Captain's  name,  the  junk's  port  of 
departure,  Osaca  being  at  the  southern  end  of  Niphon, 
the  wreck's  position,  over  1200  miles  from  that  of  Capt. 
Adams,  and  the  year.  Forbes  was  in  Calfornia  himself, 
and  evidently  from  the  minuteness  of  this  account,  gathered 
it  from  something  more  than  mere  rumor;  he  may  have 
heard  of  the  rescue  by  the  "Forester"  and  confused  the 
two  events.  It  is  very  singular  that  no  writer  that  I  am 
aware  of  has  ever  noticed  this  remarkable  story,  and  that 
Prof.  Davidson  is  the  only  oue  who  has  cited  the  note  from 
Kotzebue. 

Capt.  C.  M.  Scammon,  of  the  U.  S.  Bev.  Marine,  who 
was  the  discoverer  of  the  wreck  I  am  now  about  to 
describe,  has  kindly  furnished  me  with  the  following  facts, 
contributed  by  himself  to  tlio  Daily  Alta  California,  of 
April  22,  1860.  "In  1853  there  was  found  on  the  south- 
west and  largest  of  the  San  Benito  Group,  the  remains  of 
what  was  supposed  to  be  a  Japanese  junk  ;  whether  it  was 
some  part  of  those  said  to  have  been  cast  away  on  the 
coast  of  Oregon  several  years  ago,  or  the  relic  of  some 
(tther  eastern  [Orieutal]  sailing  craft,  is  a  subject  of  con- 
jecture. That  it  was  one  or  the  other  there  can  be  no 
doubt.  The  planks  were  fastened  together  on  the  edges 
with  spikes  or  bolts  of  u  flat  shape,  with  the  head  all  on 
one  side.  The  seams  were  not  straight,  although  the  work- 
n)auHhip  was  otherwise  good.  It  appeared  to  bo  the  bot- 
tom of  a   'espc-l  that  was  seen  here  and  gave  evidence  of 

2 


10 

having  been  a  long  time  on  shore."  San  Benito  Islands 
are  off  Lower  California,  near  Cerros  Island,  lat.  28  N., 
Ion.  116  W. 

Capt.  Scammun  has  since  furnished  me  with  the  follow- 
ing memorandum,  from  Chief  Engineer  Jas.  A.  Doyle,  of 
U.  S.  S.  "Lincoln:"  "In  July,  1871,  while  attached  to 
the  U.  S.  Rev.  Str.  Lincoln,  I  visited  the  island  of  Attoii, 
which  marks  the  extreme  western  limit  of  our  new  posscb- 
sions.  I  went  on  shore  and  was  kindly  received  by  the 
natives.  I  was  shown  the  remains  of  a  Japanese  junk  that 
had  been  wrecked  on  the  island  not  far  from  the  harbor. 
The  people  told  me  that  they  saved  four  of  the  crew  and 
kept  them  for  nearly  a  year  until  they  were  taken  oft'  by 
one  of  the  Fur  Company's  vessels  on  her  annual  visit  to  the 
island.  The  old  chief  (he  was  about  seventy)  told  me 
that  during  his  time  three  junks  had  been  lost  on  the  our- 
rounding  islets,  and  jokingly  remarked  that  the  people 
would  thank  the  Almighty  if  he  would  direct  the  wrecked 
junks  into  their  harbor,  as  they  were  very  badly  oft"  for 
wood." 

I  presume  the  first  one  mentioned  by  Mr.  Doyle  is  the 
same  vessel  as  that  alluded  to  by  Prof.  Davidson,  which 
stranded  on  Attou,  in  18G2.  The  other  three  are  entirely 
new  instances. 

I  will  next  cite  the  wreck  of  a  vessel  OiJ  Point  Adams, 
the  southern  shore  ol  the  mouth  of  Columbia  Kiv,ir,  proba- 
bly somewhere  from  1810  to  1820.  My  oldest  authority 
on  this  vessel  is  Capt.  6\r  Edward  Belcher,  who  was  at 
Astoria  in  183!>.  In  his  "Voyage  around  the  World," 
London,  184;$,  Vol.  I.,  page  306,  he  says:  "A  wreck  like- 
wise occurred  in  this  bay,  [meaning  the  indentation  of  the 


11 


lito  Islands 
lat.  28  N., 

the  foUow- 
L.  Doyle,  of 
attached  to 
d  of  Attou, 
new  posscb- 
ived  by  the 
ise  junk  that 

the  harbor, 
ho  crew  and 
taken  otf  by 
.1  visit  to  the 
;y)  told  me 
t  on  the  our- 

the  people 
the  wrecked 
jadly  oif  for 

Doyle  Is  the 
ideon,  which 
>  are  entirely 

'oint  Adams, 
River,  proba- 
est  authority 
who  was  at 
the  World," 
i\  wreck  like- 
itation  of  the 


■i 


I 


i 


coast  off  the  Columbia  River] ,  many  years  ago.  »  •  •  • 
It  appears  that  a  vessel  with  many  hands  on  board,  and 
laden  with  bees-wax,  entered  the  bay  and  was  wrecked; 
she  went  to  pieces,  and  the  crew  got  on  shore.  M:iny 
articles  were  washed  on  shore,  and  particularly  the  bees- 
wax. This  latter  is  even  now  [1839]  occasionally  thrown 
upon  the  beach,  but  in  smaller  quantities  than  formerly. 
I  have  one  specimen  now  in  my  possession." 

Prof.  Davidson,  in  his  "Coast  Pilot  of  California,  Oregon 
and  Washington  Territory,"  U.  S.  Coast  Survey,  1869, 
alludes  to  her  as  a  "Chinese  or  Japanese  junk."  He  says, 
"there  are  occasionally,  after  great  storms,  pieces  of  this 
wax  thrown  ashore,  coated  with  sand  and  bleached  nearly 
white.  Formerly  a  great  deal  was  found,  but  now  it  is 
rarely  met  with.  Many  people  on  the  Coluirbia  possess 
specimens,  and  we  [in  1851]  have  seen  several  pieces." 
See  also  Overland  Monthly,  Jan'y,  1871,  article  entitled 
"Mouth  of  Columbia  River."  I  do  not  know  on  what 
authority  Davidson  confidently  pronounces  the  vessel  a 
"Chinese  or  Japanese  junk,"  nor  do  I  know  what  became 
of  the  crew.  This  wreck  has  been  very  generally  con- 
founded with  the  one  of  which  I  am  now  about  to  relate. 

Earl}'  in  1833  a  Japanese  jiuik  Avas  wrecked  somewhere 
on  the  coast  of  Washington  Territory,  between  Point 
Grenville  and  Cape  Flattery.  The  authorities  in  this  case 
are  Capt.  Wyeth,  in  a  note,  in  the  appendix  of  Irving's 
"Adventures  of  Capt.  Bonneville,"  Sir  Edward  Belcher,  as 
above,  and  Wilkes'  Exploring  Expedition.  She  had  been 
out  a  very  long  time,  whence,  or  whither  bound,  does  not 
appear,  and  many  of  her  crew  had  perished  by  starvation 
or  disease  before  she  was  wrecked,  and  Belcher  adds  that 


i 


12 


"several  dead  bodies  were  headed  up  in  casks."  After 
stranding,  the  wreck  was  plundered  and  the  survivors 
enslaved  by  the  savages.  Wilkes  says  the  officers  of  the 
Hudson  Bay  Company,  at  Astoria,  became  aware  of  this 
disaster  in  a  singular  manner.  They  received  a  drawing 
on  a  piece  of  China-paper,  in  which  were  depicted  three 
shipwrecked  persons,  with  the  junk  on  the  rocks  and  the 
Indians  engaged  in  plundering.  This  was  sufficient  to 
induce  them  to  make  inquiries,  and  Capt.  McNeal  was  dis- 
patched on  the  H.  B.  Co.'s  vessel  'Lama'  to  Cape  Flattery. 
He  had  the  satisfaction  to  find  the  three  Japanese,  whom 
he  rescued  from  slavery.  There  were  two  men  and  a  boy, 
and  there  was  some  trouble  in  purchasing  the  boy.  The 
H.  B.  Co.  subsequently  sent  them  to  England,  whence  they 
were  sent  to  Macao,  and  it  is  stated  in  Perry's  Japan  Expe- 
dition, that  in  1837  they  were  sent  to  the 'bay  of  Yeddo,  in 
the  "Mon-ison,"  by  Mr.  C.  A.  King>  an  Americi'-i  mer- 
chant; the  "Morrison"  was  fired  upon  and  sailed  away  to 
Kagosima,  was  again  fired  upon  and  returned  to  Macao, 
with  the  Japanese  on  board.  As  a  memorial  of  this  extra- 
ordinary incident,  says  Wilkes,  porcelain  of  Japanese 
manufacture,  which  was  purchased  from  the  Indians  who 
plundered  the  junk,  was  seen  in  possession  of  Mr.  Birnie, 
the  agent  of  the  H.  B.  Co.,  at  Astoria.  Capt.  Wyeth  says 
he  saw  two  of  the;  men.  Davidson  alludes  to  this  vessel  in 
"Coast  Pilot  of  Cal.  &c."  p.  181.  See  also  Schoolcraft's 
Indian  tribes  of  U.  S.,  p.  217,  and  Haven's  Archieology  of 
U.  S.  (Smithsonian  Cont. ,  1856),  p.  8.  The  reference 
may  be  found  in  Belcher's  Voyage,  chapter  XII.,  Vol.  I.,  p. 
303,  Wilkes'  Exi)loring  Expedition,  Vol.  IV.,  chap.  IX., 
page  295,  Rev.  F.  L.  Hawkes'  Account  of  Com.  Perry's 


18 


IS."  After 
survivors 
cere  of  the 
v&re  of  this 

a  drawing 
icted  three 
eks  and  the 
lufBcient  to 
eal  was  dis- 
)e  Flattery, 
nese,  whom 

and  a  boy, 

boy.  The 
whence  they 
Japan  Expe- 
if  Yeddo,  in 
ericj'-i  raer- 
iled  away  to 
cl  to  Macao, 
if  this  extra- 
Df  Japanese 
Indians  who 
'  Mr.  Birnie, 

Wyeth  says 
this  veseei  in 
Schoolcraft's 
rchajology  of 
he  reference 
;.,  Vol.  I.,  p. 
,  chap.  IX., 
Com.  Perry's 


Expedition  to  Japan,  Wash.  1856,  Vol.  I.,  p.  47.  Wyeth 
errs  in  locating  the  wreck  on  Queen  Charlotte's  Island,  and 
Hawkes  errs  in  placing  her  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia. 

About  1800-1805  a  Japanese  junk  was  wrecked  on  the 
coast  of  Alaska,  probably  near  Sitka.  This  incident  was 
furnished  me  by  the  kindness  of  Prof.  Davidson,  and  so  far 
as  I  know  has  never  been  published.  Davidson  has  failed 
to  find  the  account  in  the  Russian  Documents,  but  obtained 
the  information  during  his  survey  of  the  coast  of  Alaska. 
The  Japanese  sailors  were  landed  and  assignr  i  by  Wrangell 
to  Japonski  Island,  opposite  Sitka,  the  Island  receiving  its 
name  from  them.  They  were  taken  thence  to  Japan, 
cither  in  a  Russian  vessel,  or  in  one  built  by  themselves ; 
Davidson  thinks  they  built  one  from  the  wreck.  The  com- 
pass of  the  junk,  many  stone  carvings  &c.,  are  in  posses- 
sion of  Dr.  Hough,  of  the  U.  S.  Army,  and  now  stationed 
on  Alcatraz  Island,  in  San  Francisco  harbor.  Prof.  David- 
son also  has  some  of  the  carvings. 

In  the  latter  part  of  the  18th  century,  pi-obably  about 
1780,  a  Japanese  junk  was  wrecked  on  one  of  the  Aleutian 
Islands,  (name  unknown).  This  information  may  be  found 
in  the  histoiy  of  the  Russian-American  Shelikuff  Com- 
pany, by  P.  Tichmeneff,  part  I.,  p.  100,  and  in  Hawkes' 
Account  of  the  Perry  Expedition,  Vol  I.,  p.  45.  Tich- 
meneff, whose  account  I  have  copied  from  Prof.  Davidson's 
notes,  says :  "These  Japanese  were  saved  by  a  clerk  in  the 
employ  of  the  Shelikoff  Company,  named  Delaroff,  who 
was  temporarily  in  one  of  the  Aleutian  Islands.  On  that 
Island  he  found  a  wrecked  Japanese  junk.  Delaroff  took 
all  the  Japanese  in  his  vessel  to  the  city  of  Ockotsk  and 
thence  to  Irkutsk.      They   had  little   hope,  however,  of 


iM 


14 

seeing  their  native  land,  as  some  of  thorn  had  already  been 
cDnverted  to  the  Christian  religion.  The  father  of  Lieut. 
Lakmann,  [the  embassador  heading  the  expedition  which 
finally  returned  them  to  Japan],  a  scientific  Gorman  gentle- 
man, living  at  that  time  in  Irkutsk,  and  cngng(;d  in  a  manu- 
facturing establishment,  advised  Shelikoft",  (Chief  of  the 
Company  bearing  his  name),  to  confer  with  the  Empress 
Catherine  and  suggest  that  the  wrecked  Japanese  bo  for- 
warded to  their  country,  as  through  this  means  Japan  might 
become  better  known  and  a  successful  commercial  treaty 
established.  The  Empress  answered  that  the  plan  was 
excellent,  and  immediately  [17i>2]  ordered  an  expedition  to 
carry  the  Japanese  home.  Accompanying  the  expedition 
was  a  letter  from  the  G'lvernor-Gcneral  of  Siberia  and 
valuai)lc  presents  to  the  Japanese  Goverunicnt.  The  em- 
bassador entrusted  with  the  enterprise  was  Lieut.  Adam 
Lakmann,  the  Captain-Commanding  Larkoft".  The  expedi- 
tion was  kindly  received  by  the  Japanese  Government,  and 
the  Emperor  gave  permission  that  one  Russian  vessel 
should  yearly  be  allowed  to  enter  Nagasaki  for  the  purpose 
of  commercial  intercourse  with  Japan." 

Hawk(!8  gives  a  somewhat  ditreront  account  of  their 
return.  He  says  they  were  detained  ten  years  in  Russia, 
and  sailed  in  the  fall  of  1792,  from  Ockotsk,  in  a  transport 
ship,  called  the  "Catherine."  They  soon  made  a  harbor  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  Island  of  Jesso,  and  there  win- 
tered ;  in  the  succeeding  summer  they  entered  the  harbor 
of  Hakodndi  The  Japanese  were  polite,  but  refused  to 
take  back  their  country-men,  and  Lakmann  left  without 
landing  the  Japanese. 

"In  September,  18(i2,  a  Japanese  vessel  was  wrecked  on 


16 


8  wfockcd  on 


the  Island  of  Attou.  They  hud  been  driven  oif  the  const 
of  Japan  two  or  three  months  before,  with  a  crew  of  twelve 
men,  of  which  she  had  lost  nine  before  going  ashore;  and 
she  had  thns  been  drifted  1800  miles  in  the  Kamtschatka 
cutTcnt,  at  an  average  velocity  of  twenty  miles  per  day." 
Davidson's  Alaska  Coast  Pilot,  p.  64.  Prof.  Davidson  to'd 
me  ho  got  these  particulars  from  the  officers  who  rescued 
them.  Attou  is  in  lat.  52°  40  N.,  Ion.  170"  40'  East,  and 
is  the  westernmost  point  of  the  territory  of  the  United 
States.  Still  it  is  not  over  700  miles  from  the  main  land, 
and  coMuected  with  it  by  a  chain  of  i^^lands. 

On  Saturday,  Kith  Decemlier,  1871,  the  schooner  H.  M. 
Hutchinson  brought  into  San  Francisco  three  Japanese 
castaways,  taken  from  Atka  Island,  in  lat.  52^  30'  N.,  Ion. 
175°  west.  The  junk  Jiuko  Mnru  of  Mats  Saka,  province 
of  Ise,  of  180  kogns  mcaswreiuent,  sailed  from  Ise  with  a 
cargo  of  rice  for  Kumano  province.  She  met  with  a  severe 
gale  on  the  28th  day  of  November,  1870,  lost  her  rudder 
and  was  obliged  to  cut  away  her  masts.  She  drifted  till 
the  15th  May,  1871,  when  her  crew  sighted  the  Island  of 
Adakh,  and  let  go  her  anchor  about  a  mile  from  shore. 
They  had  eaten  up  her  cargo  of  rice,  and  only  three  of 
the  crew  remained  alive.  The  Aleutians  canio  off,  and  hove 
np  the  anchor,  and  towed  her  into  a  little  harbor,  where  she 
drove  ashore  in  a  gale  soon  after.  The  Japanese  lived  two 
months  on  Adakh,  being  kindly  treated  by  the  Fur  Com- 
pany's agents.  Thence  they  sailed  in  their  own  boat  to 
Atka,  arriving  July  10;  whence  the  Hutchinson  took  them 
(Sept  !•),  to  Oiuialaskii,  and  thence  to  San  Francisco. 
Adakh  is  very  near  Atka,  to  the  W.  S.  W.  It  is  about 
520   miles  from   the    nearest  point  of    the  continent  of 


16 

America,  but  it  is  connected  with  the  main  land  by  the 
chain  of  islands  between  Alaska  and  Attou.* 

Before  closing  this  singular  catah)gue  of  waifs,  I  will  odd 
three  cases  of  drifting  upon  islands  in  our  half  of  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  though  far  removed  from  us,  and  two  of  dis- 
masted junks,  found  near  the  Aleutian  Islands.  Belcher, 
Vol.  I.,  p.  304,  says:  "About  the  same  time  [1833], 
another  Japanese  junk  was  wrecked  on  the  Island  of  Oahu, 
Sandwich  Islands.  From  the  Hawaiian  Spectator,  Vol.  1., 
p.  296,  I  have  the  details.  '  A  junk,  laden  with  fish,  and 
having  nine  hauJs  on  board,  left  one  of  the  southern 
islands  of  the  Japanese  Group,  for  Jeddo,  but,  encounter- 
ing a  typhoon,  was  driven  to  sea.  After  wandering  about 
the  ocenn  for  ten  or  eleven  months,  they  anchored  on  the 
last  Sunday  in  December,  1832,  near  the  harbor  of 
Waiplea,  Oahu.  Their  supply  of  water  had  been  obtained 
from  casual  showers.  On  being  visited,  four  persons  were 
found  on  board  ;  three  of  these  were  severely  afllicted  with 
scurvy,  two  being  unable  to  walk  and  the  third  nearly  so. 
The  fourth  was  in  good  health  and  had  the  sole  management 
of  the  vessel.  After  remaining  at  Waialea  five  or  six  days, 
an  attempt  was  made  to  bring  the  vessel  to  Honolulu, 
where  she  was  wrecked  oif  Barber's  point,  on  the  evening 


•  since  writing  tlie  above  I  have  met  Capt,  Anton  Barth,  who  rescued  the 
survivorti  fhini  the  Islund  of  Adakh,  In  1871.  Ho  has  resided  In  Atka  for  many 
years,  and  has  married  an  Aleutian  wife.  He  informs  me  that  the  old  people 
of  his  wIfe'N  family  tell  him  that  about  twenty  years  ago  a  Japanese  Junk  waa 
vaitt  away  upon  Atka,  and  only  three  of  her  crew  f>aved.  He  hIho  confirm.')  the 
wreck  on  Attou,  having  been  there  and  seen  the  Japunese,  In  1868.  They  were 
eventually  taken  to  the  Amoor  River,  by  a  RuxHlan  vessel,  and  thenco  In  u 
man-of-war,  to  Japan.  He  said  he  had  heard  of  other  wrecks  on  the  Aleutian 
Islandi,  but  could  give  no  particulars.  He  spoke  of  the  similarity  between  the 
Japanese  and  Aleuto,  both  in  personal  appearance  and  in  the  sound  of  the 
language. 


17 


of  January  lat,  1833.  Everything  but  the  (srew  was  lost 
with  the  exception  of  a  few  trifling  articles.  Tlio  men 
remained  at  Honolulu  eighteen  months,  when  they  were 
forwarded  to  Kamtschatka,  from  whence  they  hoped, 
eventually,  to  work  their  way,  by  stealth,  into  their  o'vu 
country,  approaching  by  the  way  of  the  most  northern 
islands  of  the  Group." 

A  condensed  account  of  the  same  incident  may  bo  found 
in  Forbes's  California,  (quoted  above),  p.  300.  Forbes 
adds  that  her  burden  was  only  eighty  tons. 

In  the  "Old  and  New"  magazine,  of  June,  1870,  is  an 
article  entitled  "Our  Furthest  Outpost,"  by  C.  VV.  Brooks, 
Esq.,  Japanese  Consul  at  San  Francisco.  Speaking  of  the 
cruise  of  the  bark  Gambia,  in  1859,  among  the  smal 
islands  to  the  northeast  of  the  Hawaiian  Group,  he  says, 
"On  these  and  many  other  islands  and  rocks  visited  w«re 
found  wrecks  of  Japanese  junks."  Again,  speaking  of  the 
Midway  Islands,  the  subject  of  the  article,  he  says,  "On 
the  East  side  are  the  remains  of  two  Japiuiese  junks,  their 
lower  masts  stranded  high  up  on  the  beach.  The  northeast 
shore  is  lined  with  drift-wood,  amoiig  which  are  many  red- 
wood logs  of  formidable  size,  evidently  from  the  coast  of 
California."  Midway  Islands  are  in  lat.  28°  15  N.,  Ion. 
177°  22  W. 

Mr.  C.  W.  Brooks  has  also  informed  me  that  Capt. 
Brooks  of  the  Gambia,  found  remains  of  a  junk  on  "Ocean 
Island,"  lat.  28°  24'  N.,  Ion.  178=  21'  W.,  very  near  Mid- 
way Islands. 

There  are   many  Japanese   wrecks  strewn   among  the 

islands  of  the  Pacific,  but  I  allude  to  theae  on  Oahu,  Ocean 

and  Midway  especially,  because  they  are  situated  partially 

3 


1 

i    I 


!  i^  I 


I 


18 

in  the  return  flow  of  tho  great  current,  and,  as  is  shown  by 
the  character  of  the  drift-slnft"  thrown  on  tlieir  beaches, 
these  Japanese  wrecks  had  very  likely  once  been  near  the 
American  shores. 

I  will  here  mention  two  dismasted  vessels  met  nt  sea, 
which  were  furnished  me  by  tho  kindness  of  Mr.  Brooks, 
but  I  have  been  unul>lo  to  ascertain  tho  authorities  from 
which  he  derived  them. 

"In  1848,  Capt.  Cox,  of  New  L(mdon,  Conn.,  picked  up 
ir»  or  20  Jj'  inese,  from  a  disulded  junk,  in  lat.  40^  N., 
Ion.  170°  He  kept  them  on  board  during  a  cruise  in 

tho  Okotsk  -eu  and  finally  landed  them  at  Lahaina." 

"In  1855,  Capt.  llrooka,  of  Brig  Leveret'  picked  up  an 
abandoned  junk  in  lat.  42»  N.,  Ion.  170=  \\  ."  Both  these 
are  about  in  the  longitude  of  Alaska,  and  sc.ith  of  tho 
Aleutian  Islands." 

If  I  had  lime  an  '  opportunity,  I  have  no  doubt  I  might 
greatly  extend  this  list.  These  cases  have  been  gathered 
in  the  conrsc  of  a  few  weeks,  mainly  by  infpiiry  among  my 
personal  friends  and  amidst  the  prosecution  of  an  active 
business.  The  further  I  extended  my  enquiries  the  greater 
results  I  obtained,  and  I  am  convinced  that  a  much  larger 
number  of  cabt-awajs  will  eventually  come  to  our  knowl- 
edge, besides  the  many  which  have  perished  from  exposi'rc, 
or  died  in  captivity  among  the  savages. 

Many  wrecked  junks  have  also  been  found  on  the  islnads 
nearer  to  Japan,  but  as  ihey  are  foreign  to  my  purpose,  I 
deem  them  only  worthy  of  general  mention,  as  increasing 
ho  sum  of  probabilities.  Perry  found  them  on  the  Benin 
Islands.  See  Ilawkes's  account  of  Perry's  Exped.,  Vol.  I., 
p.  199.     Brooks  mentions  them  among  the  islands  between 


19 


the  Hawniiiiii  (iroiip  nml  .lapiiii.  Many  others  have  found 
such  wrecks  amoiig  tlio  ishrnds  further  west,  nearer  Japan. 

I  have  been  told  also  that  there  is  one  near  Petropauloski 
in  Kamtschatka,  and  one  on  Kauai,  the  northcrnmoRt  of  the 
Hawaiian  Islands,  l)ut  I  am  unahlu  to  find  proper  authority 
for  them. 

The  number  of  cast-away  Jaoanese  who  have  been  picked 
up  at  sea,  and  brought  into  San  Francisco  and  Honolidti,  is 
also  considerable,  taken  from  a  score  or  more  of  vessels,  but 
I  have  been  unable  to  obtain  any  correct  data  of  their  posit 
tions  at  the  time  of  rescue,  which  alone  would  render  them 
valuable  for  my  purpose.  Besides,  many  of  them,  [)erhftps 
all,  were  picked  up  very  far  to  the  westward  of  America. 
For  example,  during  1H71,  two  erews  were  brought  into 
San  Francisco.  On  Feb.  2,  lat.  23'  45'  N.,  Ion.  141° 
31'  East,  the  ship  Annie  M.  Small  took  four  men  from  a 
wreck;  and  on  May  23,  lat.  34'  U'  N.,  Ion.  143°  32  East, 
the  steamship  China  rescued  five  men. 

In  this  connection  it  is  worthy  of  mention  that  when  the 
Japanese  Government  adopted  the  policy  of  non-inter- 
course, about  200  years  ago,  they  not  only  forbade  their 
vessels  to  trade  with  foreign  ports,  but  they  altered  by  law 
the  construction  of  their  junks,  rendering  them  unfit  for 
anything  but  coasting  voyages.  By  pre8cril)ing  an  open 
stern  and  a  huge  rudder  like  our  river  steamboat  rudders, 
they  made  their  vessels  very  liable  to  a  loss  of  the  rudder, 
which  must  be  speedily  followed  by  cutting  away  the  masts, 
and  then  the  junk  was  helpless.  A  lo(  k  at  the  preceding 
list  of  disasters  will  show  how  often  this  took  place.  01 
course  thus  contiuing  them  near  the  shore  would  very  much 
lessen  the  chances  of  tlieir  falling  into  the  course  of  the 


h  i 


' 


-0 


Great  Oceun  Currents,  which  would  sweep  them  away  to 
Anicrka.  Those  laws  have  now  been  abrogated ;  an  ac- 
count of  them  may  be  found  in  Perry's  Expeditioju. 

The  evidences  of  any  local  influences  resulting  from  a 
contact  with  the  Asiatic  nations  are  very  slight,  and  all 
that  has  come  under  my  knowledge  in  this  search  can  be 
stated  in  few  words.  Of  the  Aleuts,  Davidson  says,  in 
Alaska  Coast  Pilot,  p.  52,  "The  Aleuts  are  very  distinct 
in  their  looks,  mannerij,  language  and  customs,  from  all  the 
other  Indians  of  the  northwest,  and  many  of  them  bear  a 
close  resemblance  to  the  less  marked  of  the  Japanese,  so 
much  so  that  the  question  at  once  arises  whether  this  people 
has  not  been  derived  from  cast-away  or  shipwrecked  inhab- 
itants of  Japan,  carried  thither  by  the  Kamtschatka  branch 
of  the  great  Japanese  stream ;  but  it  is  not  our  pro'iDce 
to  investigate  the  problem  in  this  place." 

An  agent  of  the  Alaska  Commercial  Company,  who 
brought  down  the  three  Japanese  from  Atka  ou  the 
"Hutchinson,"  said  they  had  no  difficulty  in  making  their 
wants  known  to  the  Aleuts,  for  they  had  many  words  in 
common.  This  gentleman  had  resided  long  at  the  north- 
west, and  spoke  the  Aleutian  language. 

Wilkes  also  noticed  among  some  of  the  tribrs  of  Indians 
he  visited  on  the  Stiaits  of  Fuca,  the  presence  of  some 
simple  acts  resembling  the  Chinese,  such  as  a  stylo  of 
weaving  rush  mats,  the  conical  hats,  &c,,  and  iio  speaks  of 
the  presence  of  the  "oliliquc"  eye  among  the  coast  tribes 
only,  and  a  variety  of  complexions  in  certain  localities,  as 
suggesting  a  kinship  to  the  Asiatic  nations.  I  may  add, 
however,  that  in  San  Francisco,  where  house-servants,  both 
of  Chinese  and  Indian  extraction,  are  common,  it  is  often 


21 


them  away  to 
gated ;  an  ac- 
litiou. 

lilting  I'roni  a 
light,  and  all 
search  can  be 
dson  says,   in 

very  distinct 
8,  from  all  the 
■  them  bear  a 

Japanese,  so 
ler  this  people 
irecked  inhab- 
chatka  branch 
;  our  pro'iDce 

ompany.  who 
Atka  ou  the 
I  making  their 
iiany  wordd  in 
f  at  the  north - 

ibos  of  Indians 
senco  ot  some 
as  a  stylo  of 
id  iic  speaks  oi 
he  coast  tribes 
In  localities,  as 
I.  I  may  add, 
!-8ervants,  both 
ion,  it  is  often 


very  puzzling  to  detect  their  nationality,  when  dressed  in 
Fuiopean  style.  I  have  often  been  deceived  myself.  But 
these  questions,  as  well  as  that  of  a  similarity  in  language, 
are  out  o"  the  range  of  my  knowledge  and  foreign  to  my 
purpose. 

To  sum  up  '."len  the  sure  results  obtained,  we  have  in  the 
ninety  year?,  irom  1781  to  1871,  nine  junks,  either  stranded 
on  our  shi  res  or  drifted  to  their  immediate  neighborhood, 
and  one  at  Oahu  —  and  in  every  case  where  we  have  a 
record  of  the  wreck  a  part  of  the  crew  saved  alive,  and 
this  too  at  a  period  when  the  Japanese  commercial  regula- 
tions were  most  unfavorable  to  such  voyages  as  brought 
their  vessels  within  the  influence  of  the  Great  Stream  which 
could  bear  them  to  our  shores.  Recapitulating  the  list 
with  approximate  dates,  we  have,  in 

V  1815,  Junk  boarded  at  Sea,  lat.  32»  45  N.,  Ion.  166'  57'  W. 

V  1813,      "  "       about  49°     •  "     131°. 
v^l820,     "     stranded  on  Point  Adams. 

^'1833,     ''  "  Cape  Fliittery. 

-'1805,     "  "        near  Sitka 

•^  1782,     "  "        on  an  Aleutian  Island. 

1862,     "  "        "  Attou  " 

1871,     "  "         "  Adakh  " 

.  J 1832,     "  "        "  Oahu,  Hawaiian  Islands. 

Date  unknown,  wreck  on  San  Benito  Island. 
Date  unknown,  several  wiecks  of  junks  on  Midway  and  Ocean 
Islands,  and  Group  between  there  and  Oahu. 

So  much  has  come  to  our  knowledge  unquestionably, 
without  counting  the  other  cases  which  rest  upon  rumor. 
There  is  still  remaining  a  possibility  of  more,  whose  crews 
have  perished  among  the  savages,  or  been  absorbed.  It  is 
an  interesting  inquiry  whether  before  the  days  of  Japanese 


'W 


ii 


m ' 


I :  I 


'  22 

exclusiveness  there  may  not,  with  fi'eer  navigation  and 
stronger  vessels,  have  been  many  more.  And  as  Japanese 
History  is  opened  to  our  study,  it  will  be  a  curioi\s  question 
whether  some  crew  may  not  have  returned  home  with  the 
tidings  of  a  new  world  far  across  the  Ocean.  However 
this  may  be,  these  facts  are  very  interesting  to  illustrate 
the  possible  course  of  migration,  and  any  anomalies 
observed  among  the  northwest  coast  Indians  may  possibly 
receive  some  light  from  the  likelihood  of  an  infusion  of 
Japanese  blood. 


;■ 


igation  and 
as  Japanese 
)U8  question 
ne  with  the 
.  However 
to  illustrate 
^  auomalies 
lay  possibly 
infusion  of 


I 


y 


1  h 


fl 


u 


I 


^' 


VS^ 


mK^m^mms^ 


— _-U,jy4iH«RWHS!^!?SS" 


